Republican · 1869–1877
Ulysses S. Grant
Used federal power to enforce Reconstruction and civil rights statutes. Scandals orbited the cabinet.
Ulysses S. Grant was president 1869–1877. The party color on the chart is Republican. Early presidents are not forced into today’s party names. The placement note is: Used federal power to enforce Reconstruction and civil rights statutes. Scandals orbited the cabinet.
The dot is economics 0 and authority +16. That is near the middle on economics. The other axis sits toward authority. Color and place are allowed to disagree. Theodore Roosevelt sits left of Grover Cleveland on economics.
What was said, and what the administration did, are filed separately. Said: Let us have peace, and enforce the amendments. Done: Federal troops and the Justice Department did enforce them, until the country’s will ran out. The cabinet was corrupt around him. Where those two sentences pull apart, the dot follows the governing record, not the slogan.
The nearest other presidents on these two numbers are Zachary Taylor (1849–1850, +8 / +12) and James Monroe (1817–1825, +10 / +16). A small distance can join people who would have disliked each other. The chart is a compression, not a claim that they were alike.
Presidents are not placed with the Voteview roll-call score used for the current Congress. Two axes cannot carry a war, a court, a tariff, and a civil-rights record as separate facts.